Vaccine Effectiveness, Burden and Impact Studies (VEBIS) of COVID-19 and Influenza

Project description

The objectives of the project is to provide technical support to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control to build an infrastructure to allow regular monitoring of COVID-19 and influenza vaccine effectiveness over time, using a multi-country approach. The VEBIS platform includes vaccine effectiveness studies implemented in different settings.

Context situation

Vaccination plays a key role in the control of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the lifting of some non-pharmaceutical interventions. Assessment of the real-world performance of the vaccines in the European Union is important to be able to adapt to European vaccination strategies.

Project activities

Hospital network measuring influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness

Multicentre test-negative design study.

Vaccine effectiveness and impact of COVID-19

vaccines through routinely collected exposure and outcome data using health registries.

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers

Multicentre cohort study.

Primary care network measuring influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness

Multicentre test-negative design study.

Scientific publications

Effectiveness of XBB.1.5 Vaccines Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Older Adults During the JN.1 Lineage-Predominant Period, European VEBIS Primary Care Multicentre Study, 20 November 2023–1 March 2024

Lore Merdrignac, Charlotte Laniece Delaunay, Nuno Verdasca, Lorena Vega-Piris, Joan O’Donnell, Noémie Sève, Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín, Silke Buda, Mariëtte Hooiveld, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Gergő Túri, Neus Latorre-Margalef, Ivan Mlinarić, Mihaela Lazar, Marine Maurel, Daniel Castrillejo, Charlene Bennett, Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti, Iván Martínez-Baz, Ralf Dürrwald, Adam Meijer, Aryse Melo, Beatrix Oroszi, Tove Samuelsson Hagey, Sanja Kurečić Filipović, Frederika Dijkstra, Veronica Gomez, Sabrina Bacci, Marlena Kaczmarek, Esther Kissling, the VEBIS Primary Care Vaccine Effectiveness Group.

Effectiveness of the autumn 2023 COVID-19 vaccine dose in hospital-based healthcare workers: results of the VEBIS healthcare worker vaccine effectiveness cohort study, seven European countries, season 2023/24

Savulescu Camelia, Prats-Uribe Albert, Brolin Kim, Uusküla Anneli, Bergin Colm, Fleming Catherine, Murri Rita, Zvirbulis Viesturs, Zavadska Dace, Gaio Vania, Popescu Corneliu P, Hrisca Raluca, Cisneros Maria, Latorre-Millán Miriam, Lohur Liis, McGrath Jonathan, Ferguson Lauren, De Gaetano Donati Katleen, Abolina Ilze, Gravele Dagne, Machado Ausenda, Florescu Simin-Aysel, Lazar Mihaela, Subirats Pilar, Clusa Cuesta Laura, Sui Jacklyn, Kenny Claire, Santangelo Rosaria, Krievins Dainis, Barzdina Elza Anna, Valadas Henriques Camila, Kosa Alma Gabriela, Pohrib Saftica-Mariana, Muñoz-Almagro Carmen, Milagro Ana, Bacci Sabrina, Nardone Anthony, VEBIS HCW VE study group.

Euro Surveill. 2024;29(44):pii=2400680

Early COVID-19 XBB.1.5 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalisation Among Adults Targeted for Vaccination, VEBIS Hospital Network, Europe, October 2023–January 2024

Antunes L, Mazagatos C, Martínez-Baz I, Naesens R, Borg ML, Petrović G, Fatukasi T, Jancoriene L, Machado A, Oroszi B, Husa P, Lazar M, Dürrwald R, Howard J, Melo A, Pérez-Gimeno G, Castilla J, Bernaert E, Džiugytė A, Makarić ZL, Fitzgerald M, Mickienė A, Gomez V, Túri G, Součková L, Marin A, Tolksdorf K, Nicolay N, Rose AMC European Hospital Vaccine Effectiveness Group

Aug;18(8):e13360. doi: 10.1111/irv.13360. PMID: 39145535; PMCID: PMC11325250.

COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Autumn and Winter 2022 to 2023 Among Older Europeans

Charlotte Laniece Delaunay, PhD1; Clara Mazagatos, PhD2,3; Iván Martínez-Baz, PhD4; Gergő Túri, MSc5; Luise Goerlitz, MSc6; Lisa Domegan, PhD7; Adam Meijer, PhD8; Ana Paula Rodrigues, MSc9; Noémie Sève, MSc10; Maja Ilić, MD11; Neus Latorre-Margalef, PhD12; Mihaela Lazar, PhD13; Marine Maurel, MSc1; Aryse Melo, PhD14; Blanca Andreu Ivorra, MD, PhD15; Itziar Casado, MD, PhD4; Judit Krisztina Horváth, MD5; Silke Buda, MD6; Charlene Bennett, PhD16; Marit de Lange, PhD8; Raquel Guiomar, MSc14; Vincent Enouf, PhD17; Ivan Mlinarić, MD11; Tove Samuelsson Hagey, MSc12; Sorin Dinu, PhD13; Mercedes Rumayor, MD, PhD18; Jesús Castilla, MD, PhD4; Beatrix Oroszi, PhD5; Ralf Dürrwald, MD19; Joan O’Donnell, MB, MFPHMI7; Mariëtte Hooiveld, PhD20; Verónica Gomez, MSc9; Alessandra Falchi, PhD21; Sanja Kurečić Filipović, MD, PhD11; Lena Dillner, MD, PhD12; Rodica Popescu, MD22; Sabrina Bacci, MD23; Marlena Kaczmarek, PhD23; Esther Kissling, MSc1; for the VEBIS Primary Care Vaccine Effectiveness Group

JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2419258. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19258

Exploring the effect of clinical case definitions on influenza vaccine effectiveness estimation at primary care level: Results from the end-of-season 2022-23 VEBIS multicentre study in Europe

Maurel M, Mazagatos C, Goerlitz L, Oroszi B, Hooiveld M, Machado A, Domegan L, Ilić M, Popescu R, Sève N, Martínez-Baz I, Larrauri A, Buda S, Túri G, Meijer A, Gomez V, O’Donnell J, Mlinarić I, Timnea O, Diez AO, Dürrwald R, Horváth JK, Dijkstra F, Rodrigues AP, McKenna A, Filipović SK, Lazar M, Kaczmarek M, Bacci S, Kissling E; VEBIS study team.

Vaccine. 2024 Jun 11;42(16):3547-3554. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.060. Epub 2024 May 3. PMID: 38704257; PMCID: PMC11152456.

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines administered in the 2023 autumnal campaigns in Europe: Results from the VEBIS primary care test-negative design study, September 2023–January 2024

Laniece Delaunay C, Melo A, Maurel M, Mazagatos C, Goerlitz L, O’Donnell J, Oroszi B, Sève N, Rodrigues AP, Martínez-Baz I, Meijer A, Mlinarić I, Latorre-Margalef N, Lazăr M, Pérez-Gimeno G, Dürrwald R, Bennett C, Túri G, Rameix-Welti MA, Guiomar R, Castilla J, Hooiveld M, Kurečić Filipović S, Samuelsson Hagey T, Dijkstra F, Borges V, Ramos Marín V, Bacci S, Kaczmarek M, Kissling E; European primary care VE group.

2024 Jun 4:S0264-410X(24)00644-3. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.067. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38839521.

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 BA.1/BA.2 lineages among adults and adolescents in a multicentre primary care study, Europe, December 2021 to June 2022

Lanièce Delaunay Charlotte, Martínez-Baz Iván, Sève Noémie, Domegan Lisa, Mazagatos Clara, Buda Silke, Meijer Adam, Kislaya Irina, Pascu Catalina, Carnahan AnnaSara, Oroszi Beatrix, Ilić Maja, Maurel Marine, Melo Aryse, Sandonis Martín Virginia, Trobajo-Sanmartín Camino, Enouf Vincent, McKenna Adele, Pérez-Gimeno Gloria, Goerlitz Luise, de Lange Marit, Rodrigues Ana Paula, Lazar Mihaela, Latorre-Margalef Neus, Túri Gergő, Castilla Jesús, Falchi Alessandra, Bennett Charlene, Gallardo Virtudes, Dürrwald Ralf, Eggink Dirk, Guiomar Raquel, Popescu Rodica, Riess Maximilian, Horváth Judit Krisztina, Casado Itziar, García Mª del Carmen, Hooiveld Mariëtte, Machado Ausenda, Bacci Sabrina, Kaczmarek Marlena, Kissling Esther, on behalf of the European Primary Care Vaccine Effectiveness Group.

Euro Surveill. 2024;29(13):pii=2300403.

Vaccine effectiveness against influenza hospitalisation in adults during the 2022/2023 mixed season of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B circulation, Europe: VEBIS SARI VE hospital network

Angela M. C. Rose, Francisco Pozo, Iván Martínez-Baz, Clara Mazagatos, Nathalie Bossuyt, John Paul Cauchi, Goranka Petrović, Isabela I. Loghin, Roberta Vaikutyte, Silke Buda, Ausenda Machado, Róisín Duffy, Beatrix Oroszi, Jennifer Howard, Aitziber Echeverria, Cristina Andreu, Cyril Barbezange, Aušra Džiugytė, Diana Nonković, Corneliu-Petru Popescu, Fausta Majauskaite, Kristin Tolksdorf, Verónica Gomez, Lisa Domegan, Judit Krisztina Horváth, Jesús Castilla, Miriam García, Thomas Demuyser, Maria-Louise Borg, Irena Tabain, Mihaela Lazar, Ieva Kubiliute, Ralf Dürrwald, Raquel Guiomar, Joan O’Donnell, Katalin Kristóf, Nathalie Nicolay, Sabrina Bacci, Esther Kissling, VEBIS SARI VE network team

Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2024; 18(2):e13255. doi:10.1111/irv.13255

Interim 2023/24 influenza A vaccine effectiveness: VEBIS European primary care and hospital multicentre studies, September 2023 to January 2024

Maurel Marine, Howard Jennifer, Kissling Esther, Pozo Francisco, Pérez-Gimeno Gloria, Buda Silke, Sève Noémie, McKenna Adele, Meijer Adam, Rodrigues Ana Paula, Martínez-Baz Iván, Mlinarić Ivan, Latorre-Margalef Neus, Túri Gergő, Lazăr Mihaela, Mazagatos Clara, Echeverria Aitziber, Abela Stephen, Bourgeois Marc, Machado Ausenda, Dürrwald Ralf, Petrović Goranka, Oroszi Beatrix, Jancoriene Ligita, Marin Alexandru, Husa Petr, Duffy Roisin, Dijkstra Frederika, Gallardo García Virtudes, Goerlitz Luise, Enouf Vincent, Bennett Charlene, Hooiveld Mariëtte, Guiomar Raquel, Trobajo-Sanmartín Camino, Višekruna Vučina Vesna, Samuelsson Hagey Tove, Lameiras Azevedo Ana Sofía, Castilla Jesús, Xuereb Gerd, Delaere Bénédicte, Gómez Verónica, Tolksdorf Kristin, Bacci Sabrina, Nicolay Nathalie, Kaczmarek Marlena, Rose Angela MC, on behalf of the European IVE group.

Euro Surveill. 2024;29(8):pii=2400089.

Protocol for a COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness study using health data registries, v.2.0

Susana Monge Corella, Mario Fontán Vela (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain), Irina Kislaya, Baltazar Nunes,
Ausenda Machado, Patricia Soares and Constantino Caetano (Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Portugal), Cristina
Buguri, Itziar Casado, Jesús Castilla, Iván Martínez-Baz (Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra), HanneDorthe Emborg, Katrin Finderup, Christian Holm Hansen, Bolette Søborg, Palle Valentiner-Branth (Statens Serum
Institut, Denmark), Jostein Starrfelt, Hinta Meijerink, Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen (Norwegian Institute of Public
Health), Joris van Loenhout, Toon Braeye, Izaak Van Evercooren, Pierre Hubin (Sciensano, Belgium), Brechje de
Gier, Susan Hahné (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment – RIVM-, the Netherlands), Ala’a
AlKerwi, Susanne Schmitz (Ministry of Health, Directorate of Health, Service epidemiology and statistics,
Luxembourg), Chiara Sacco, Alberto Mateo Urdiales, and Massimo Fabiani (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy),
Anthony Nardone, Alexis Sentís, Esther Kissling, James Humphreys, Marta Valenciano (Epiconcept, France).

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024

Core protocol for ECDC studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, laboratory-confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 or with seasonal influenza – Version 3.0

Liliana Antunes, Jenny Howard, Esther Kissling, Ruoran Li, Alain Moren, Anthony Nardone, Angie Rose, Marta Valenciano

ECDC - Version 3.0

Effectiveness of the adapted bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalisation in individuals aged ≥ 60 years during the Omicron XBB lineage-predominant period: VEBIS SARI VE network, Europe, February to August, 2023

Antunes Liliana, Mazagatos Clara, Martínez-Baz Iván, Gomez Verónica, Borg Maria-Louise, Petrović Goranka, Duffy Róisín, Dufrasne François E, Dürrwald Ralf, Lazar Mihaela, Jancoriene Ligita, Oroszi Beatrix, Husa Petr, Howard Jennifer, Melo Aryse, Pozo Francisco, Pérez-Gimeno Gloria, Castilla Jesús, Machado Ausenda, Džiugytė Aušra, Karabuva Svjetlana, Fitzgerald Margaret, Fierens Sébastien, Tolksdorf Kristin, Popovici Silvia-Odette, Mickienė Auksė, Túri Gergő, Součková Lenka, Nicolay Nathalie, Rose Angela MC, on behalf of the European Hospital Vaccine Effectiveness Group.

Euro Surveill. 2024;29(3):pii=2300708.

Generic protocol for ECDC studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against confirmed SARS-CoV-2 using healthcare worker cohorts, v.2.0

Camelia Savulescu, Esther Kissling, Anthony Nardone

Stockholm: ECDC; 2022.

Generic protocol for ECDC studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness against confirmed infection using healthcare worker cohorts – version 2.0

Camelia Savulescu, Esther Kissling, Anthony Nardone

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024.

Relative vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation in persons aged ≥ 65 years: results from a VEBIS network, Europe, October 2021 to July 2023

Fontán-Vela Mario, Kissling Esther, Nicolay Nathalie, Braeye Toon, Van Evercooren Izaak, Holm Hansen Christian, Emborg Hanne-Dorthe, Fabiani Massimo, Mateo-Urdiales Alberto, AlKerwi Ala’a, Schmitz Susanne, Castilla Jesús, Martínez-Baz Iván, de Gier Brechje, Hahné Susan, Meijerink Hinta, Starrfelt Jostein, Nunes Baltazar, Caetano Constantino, Derrough Tarik, Nardone Anthony, Monge Susana, VEBIS-Lot4 working group.

Euro Surveill. 2024;29(1):pii=2300670

Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe: Results from the 2022–2023 VEBIS (Vaccine Effectiveness, Burden and Impact Studies) primary care multicentre study

Maurel M, Pozo F, Pérez-Gimeno G, et al.

Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2024; 18(1):e13243. doi:10.1111/irv.13243

Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation in adults (≥ 20 years) during Omicron-dominant circulation: I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS SARI VE networks, Europe, 2021 to 2022

Rose AM, Nicolay N, Sandonis Martín V, Mazagatos C, Petrović G, Baruch J, Denayer S, Seyler L, Domegan L, Launay O, Machado A, Burgui C, Vaikutyte R, Niessen FA, Loghin II, Husa P, Aouali N, Panagiotakopoulos G, Tolksdorf K, Horváth JK, Howard J, Pozo F, Gallardo V, Nonković D, Džiugytė A, Bossuyt N, Demuyser T, Duffy R, Luong Nguyen LB, Kislaya I, Martínez-Baz I, Gefenaite G, Knol MJ, Popescu C, Součková L, Simon M, Michelaki S, Reiche J, Ferenczi A, Delgado-Sanz C, Lovrić Makarić Z, Cauchi JP, Barbezange C, Van Nedervelde E, O’Donnell J, Durier C, Guiomar R, Castilla J, Jonikaite I, Bruijning-Verhagen PC, Lazar M, Demlová R, Wirtz G, Amerali M, Dürrwald R, Kunstár MP, Kissling E, Bacci S, Valenciano M; I-MOVE-COVID-19 hospital study team; VEBIS hospital study team; Members of the I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS hospital study teams (in addition to authors above)

Euro Surveill. 2023 Nov;28(47):2300187. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.47.2300187. PMID: 37997665; PMCID: PMC10668256.

Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation in adults (≥ 20 years) during Alpha- and Delta-dominant circulation: I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS SARI VE networks, Europe, 2021

Rose AM, Nicolay N, Sandonis Martín V, Mazagatos C, Petrović G, Niessen FA, Machado A, Launay O, Denayer S, Seyler L, Baruch J, Burgui C, Loghin II, Domegan L, Vaikutytė R, Husa P, Panagiotakopoulos G, Aouali N, Dürrwald R, Howard J, Pozo F, Sastre-Palou B, Nonković D, Knol MJ, Kislaya I, Luong Nguyen LB, Bossuyt N, Demuyser T, Džiugytė A, Martínez-Baz I, Popescu C, Duffy R, Kuliešė M, Součková L, Michelaki S, Simon M, Reiche J, Otero-Barrós MT, Lovrić Makarić Z, Bruijning-Verhagen PC, Gomez V, Lesieur Z, Barbezange C, Van Nedervelde E, Borg ML, Castilla J, Lazar M, O’Donnell J, Jonikaitė I, Demlová R, Amerali M, Wirtz G, Tolksdorf K, Valenciano M, Bacci S, Kissling E; I-MOVE-COVID-19 hospital study team; VEBIS hospital study team; Members of the I-MOVE-COVID-19 and VEBIS hospital study teams (in addition to the named authors)

Euro Surveill. 2023 Nov;28(47):2300186. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.47.2300186. PMID: 37997666; PMCID: PMC10668259.

Monitoring COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation and death using electronic health registries in ≥65 years old population in six European countries, October 2021 to November 2022

Kislaya I, Sentís A, Starrfelt J, Nunes B, Martínez-Baz I, Nielsen KF, AlKerwi A, Braeye T, Fontán-Vela M, Bacci S, Meijerink H, Castilla J, Emborg HD, Hansen CH, Schmitz S, Van Evercooren I, Valenciano M, Nardone A, Nicolay N, Monge S; VEBIS‐Lot4 working group.

Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023 Nov;17(11):e13195. doi: 10.1111/irv.13195. PMID: 38019704; PMCID: PMC10682901.

Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 20 years and older – fourth update

Jennifer Howard, Esther Kissling, Ruoran Li, Anthony Nardone, Angie Rose (Epiconcept)

ECDC: Stockholm; 2023 March, 16

Core protocol for ECDC studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, laboratoryconfirmed with SARS-CoV-2 or with seasonal influenza – Version 2.0

Jenny Howard, Esther Kissling, Ruoran Li, Alain Moren, Anthony Nardone, Angie Rose, Marta Valenciano (Epiconcept)

Stockholm: ECDC; 2023. January

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 among individuals aged 20 years and older, ECDC multi-country study – third update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Sabrina Bacci, Nathalie Nicolay.
Epiconcept, Paris, France: Jennifer Howard, Esther Kissling, Anthony Nardone, Angie Rose

ECDC: Stockholm; 2022 November 8.

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among healthcare workers in Albania (COVE-AL): protocol for a prospective cohort study and cohort baseline data.

Sridhar S, Fico A, Preza I, Hatibi I, Sulo J, Kissling E, Daja R, Ibrahim R, Lemos D, Rubin-Smith J, Schmid A, Vasili A, Valenciano M, Jorgensen P, Pebody R, Lafond KE, Katz MA, Bino S.

BMJ Open 2022;12:e057741. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057741

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 among individuals aged 50 years and older, ECDC multi-country study – first update.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

ECDC: Stockholm; 2022 January 20

Estimation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation in individuals aged ≥ 65 years using electronic health registries; a pilot study in four EU/EEA countries, October 2021 to March 2022

Sentís A, Kislaya I, Nicolay N, Meijerink H, Starrfelt J, Martínez-Baz I, Castilla J, Nielsen KF, Hansen CH, Emborg HD, Nardone A, Derrough T, Valenciano M, Nunes B, Monge S, the VEBIS-Lot4 working group

October 2021 to March 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(30):pii=2200551

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 among individuals aged 30 years and older, ECDC multi-country study – second update.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

ECDC: Stockholm; 2022 Mar, 14.

Effectiveness of complete primary vaccination against COVID-19 at primary care and community level during predominant Delta circulation in Europe: multicentre analysis, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC networks

Kissling E, Hooiveld M, Martínez-Baz, Mazagatos C, William N, Vilcu AM, Kooijman MN, Ilić M, Domegan L, Machado A, de Lusignan S, Lazar M, Meijer A, Brytting M, Casado I, Larrauri A, Murray JL K, Behillil S, de Gier B, Mlinarić I, O’Donnell J, Rodrigues AP, Tsang R, Timnea O, de Lange M, Riess M, Castilla J, Pozo F, Hamilton M, Falchi A, Knol MJ, Kurečić Filipović S, Dunford L, Guiomar R, Cogdale J, Cherciu C Jansen T, Enkirch T, Basile L, Connell J, Gomez V Sandonis Martín V, Bacci S, Rose AMC, Pastore Celentano L, Valenciano M, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC primary care study teams

July to August 2021. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(21):pii=2101104

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection due to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 among individuals aged 65 years and older, ECDC multi-country study.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

ECDC: Stockholm; 2021 October, 8.

Core protocol for ECDC studies of COVID19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection laboratory-confirmed with SARS-CoV-2, version 1.0. Stockholm: ECDC; 2021 Oct, 8.

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